Strategic Choice Theory - 1554 Words

Strategic Choice Theory Article Review and Essay Zhaoling Zhu AD655 International Business, Economics and Cultures Instructor: Dr. Jung Wan Lee 02/29/2012 Introduction Strategies are specific rules or actions for choosing actions in a contradictory situation; for some strategies are the long-term or high-level planning. The essential of a firm or a government’s strategy is to make the right choice. They cannot afford to try all the strategies with their limited resources and abilities. The Strategic Choice Theory was first proposed by Kochan (Kochan, et.al, 1984) and his colleagues in the mid 1980s attempting to explain the transformation of the U.S. industrial relations when all other contemporary†¦show more content†¦Work place: individuals and groups | Contractual or bureaucratic; and individual employee/workgroup participation | Policies on employee participation; introduction of new technology, work organization design | Regulations of worker rights and/or employee participation | Cases Some cases have been conducted to provide the rationally of the Strategic Choice Theory. A issue of Strategic choices for renewable energy investment in the field of energy policy has been studied in 2010 by Rolf Wustenhagen and Emanuela Menichetti (2012). They based on the analyses of current status of renewable energy investment, the feature investment in the carbon-constrained field and the linking renewable energy investment and energy policy to analyze the risk, return and policy of renewable energy investments, the situation of portfolio aspects, the role of various investor , segmented policies, cognition, risk perceptions and bounded rationality such a differentiated picture of renewable energy policy and investment to find out the rational and behavioral aspects. According to their researchï ¼Å' they suggested that the effective policy mix is based on a thorough understanding of investor realities, including cognitive factors and includes segmentation. The contributions in this particular issue of Energy Policy state that the topic of strategic choices for the energy investment is highly relevant and worth studying. It also explain the process of government make policies though theShow MoreRelatedAnti / Area Denial Assets2094 Words   |  9 Pagescollection efforts with focus on developing intelligence networks again to advance US foreign policy . In order to answer this question, there are three analytical approaches that can be used: content analysis, comparative analysis, and rational choice theory. While normally used for social science purposes, these approaches can minimalize bias from analysts by identifying cultural norms outside of their society, and produce more accurate intelligence products. The first approach, content analysis,Read MoreEvaluating The Resource Based View During The Location Selection Process1169 Words   |  5 Pagesview during the location selection process. A resource-based view suggests that resource accumulation and selection are a function of external strategic and within-firm decision-making factors (Feldman, 2004). Within-firm decision-making factors are guided by motives of effectiveness, profitability and efficiency, and economic rationality. External strategic influences are industry factors including the supplier and buyer power, product and industry market structure, and the intensity of competitionRead MoreThe Rational Decision Making Process1630 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking process (Tripathi PNP 2007; Williams, McWilliams 2013), according to contingency theory and with respect to the rationality paradigm, there are limits to which an optimal outcome is realised (Morgan 1986, p. 167; Schoonhoven 1981, p. 352). External factors such as government, customers, competitors and suppliers all impose their constraints that influence the final decision. Contingency theory suggests that the final decision is ultimately determined by the organisation’s overall objectivesRead MoreRationality Vs. Rational Rationality1257 Words   |  6 PagesRationality, a vague term that is heavily used in classic economic theory as well as planning theory, represents a ‘virtue’ that maximize the utility. There are basically two types of rationality, one is pure rationality, the other one is pragmatic rationality. The pure rationality, often called objective rational ity, however, is an unreachable, ideal status that requires perfect knowledge.(Brooks 2002) The pragmatic rationality, which as its name implies, leans more toward daily use. To achieveRead MoreThe Effect Of The Middle Eastern Conflict1290 Words   |  6 Pagesa large imbalance in power contributed to Soviet feelings of vulnerability which led to Khrushchev’s decision to employ missiles in Cuba. However, conditions were very different on the onset of the Yom Kippur War. In the years preceding the war, strategic vulnerability, was no longer as much of an issue, as the two countries were now similar in military strength. Additionally, beginning in 1970 the Sino-American relationship underwent dà ©tente as US and Soviet relations began to improve considerablyRead MoreSecurity Dilemm Spiral Model3132 Words   |  13 Pagesthe security of other states, which leads many scholars to acknowledge the tragic nature of the security dilemma in that neither state intended harm in the f irst place (Butterfield 1951, Herz 1950). During the Cold War, Schelling (1960) devised a strategic bargaining framework to examine deterrence and coercive diplomacy. He explored bargaining power and credibility of commitments and viewed conflict as a bargaining failure. Schelling used formal modeling or a game theoretic to demonstrate how statesRead MoreEssay about Rational Choice Theory in Political Science4404 Words   |  18 PagesRational Choice Theory in Political Science According to one of rational choice theory’s prominent and more thoughtful contemporary exponents, Peter C. Ordeshook, â€Å"four books mark the beginning of modern political theory: Anthony Downs’s An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957), Duncan Black’s Theory of Committees and Elections (1958), William H. Riker’s A Theory of Political Coalitions (1962), and James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent (1962). These volumes, along with KennethRead MoreFactors Affecting Rational Choice2729 Words   |  11 PagesFactors Affecting Rational Choice Most consumer behavior analyses and programs seek to dig out consumers’ needs and wants, which direct their purchasing and decision behaviors. Consumer behavior and choice are complex, inherently dynamic and potentially affected by a number of factors. According to this, it seems that the rational choice theory should make some adjustments to be adopted to this increasingly more dynamic reality and marketing environment and thus set a realistic and stable base forRead MoreWar in the Nuclear Era2489 Words   |  10 Pagespolitical system. The rational theory provides a better alternative. In this paper, the rational theory of war will unfold by beginning with an understanding of states, consistent with the realist’s perspective and the expected utility theory, to be maximizing utility. This perspective will then be confronted with three different characteristics of the system, leading to a theory of states’ rationality in the form of strategic interaction. According to this theory, the reason for the reduction inRead MoreThe On Corporate Responsibility Final Paper2136 Words   |  9 Pagesthe greatest good of options and choices that create a net happiness for society. Ethics was seen based on the history of choices ad rules established in a political or social arena that produced good or alleviated social pain. Once such is example is our human thought of bribing. In most cases this would be viewed as unethical. But utilitarian’s believe that if the bride would produce a greater good or more h appiness though bribing an official than the choice was good because it provided a net

The Central Nervous System ( Cns ) Development - 1575 Words

Introduction Central nervous system (CNS) development is complex, as genetic and environmental factors influence rapidly occurring processes throughout prenatal life. During CNS development, phylogenetically primordial regions of the brain develop first, followed by more complex structures. When this procedure is disrupted, teratogenic outcomes are often observed, leading to serious mental or motor dysfunctions if not fetal death (Martin and Dombrowski, 2008). Thus the prenatal CNS is vulnerable to environmental factors, such as folate deficiency (FD), during rapidly developing periods, producing detrimental outcomes, for example neural tube defects (NTD). Folate Folate is a necessary vitamin part of the B complex group, not synthesized de novo, but consumed through foods such as leafy green vegetables (Djukic, 2007). In the developing fetus, folate transport across the placenta is regulated by reduced-folate-carriers and folate receptor proteins, which allow large folate requirements needed for high cell proliferation rates to be met. Both also show an increased pattern of expression during neural tube closure, indicating that folate has a crucial role in CNS development (Djukic, 2007). Fleming and Copp (1998) demonstrated this by successfully treating mice embryos predisposed to neural tube defects using folic acid supplements. The mechanism of its action on neural tube development is currently still not fully understood. However it is known that folate is crucial forShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"There is evidence that PME directly affects the development of the central nervous system (CNS) in700 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"There is evidence that PME directly affects the development of the central nervous system (CNS) in both animals and humans† (Day, Goldschmidt Thomas, 2006). In this article, whether or not prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) contributes to marijuana use at age fourteen is studied. Over the years the use of marijuana and its effects on adolescents has increased. There have been attempts to prevent the use of marijuana among adolescents, but in order to prevent something you have to know the reasonRead MoreCentral Nervous System1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe central nervous system (CNS) is that portion of the vertebrae nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the other major portion of the nervous system, the CNS coordinates the bodys interaction with the environment. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain in the cranial subcavity (the skull), and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity (within the vertebral column). Then human nervous system is the mostRead MoreDeveloping A Composite Scaffold That Integrates Growth Factors935 Words   |  4 Pagesscarring in injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). The environment formed from glial scarring is inhibitory to the development and survival of cells that are implanted at the site of injury, chiefly due to the inability of axons to extend through glial scars. However, glial scarring is necessary to protect brain tissue from infection and to prevent additional cell damage. Hence, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches for effective treatment of CNS injuries are subject to extensiveRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Nervous System1280 Words   |  6 Pageswithout adults in order to be more excited or ‘cool’. Having alcohol has negative affects on the nervous system and other body organs. Biochemistry behind the issue ââ€"  The interaction of the chemical with nerves The brain is made up of more than 100 billion neurons. Each makes tens of thousands of connections. Alcohol will destroy or even kill neurons. This will make a great harm to teenagers brain development. Alcohol is able to seep into the brain because it can go across the blood brain barrier. ThisRead MoreThe Nervous System And Peripheral Nervous Systems958 Words   |  4 PagesThe nervous system has three general functions: a sensory function, an interpretative function and a motor function. Sensory nerves gather information from inside the body and the outside environment. The nerves then carry the information to central nervous system (CNS). Nervous tissue consists of two main types of cells: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons also so known as nerve cells ) transmit nerve impulses that move information around the body. Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous SystemRead MoreEssay On Congenital Insensitivity To Pain With Anhidrosis814 Words   |  4 Pagesdangerous because of how it affects and damages the functions of the nervous system. The nervous system is in many ways the most vital system of the body. It is responsible for monitoring and regulating homeostasis, coordinating voluntary and involuntary responses and integrating sensory information. Anatomically, it is divided into two sections: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS controls the brain and spinal cord and â€Å"integrates and coordinates sensoryRead MoreNervous Systems And The Nervous System1386 Words   |  6 Pages The nervous system is a system of nerve cells and fibres that transmit electrical impulses throughout the whole body. The nervous system is made up of two systems; the central nervous system or CNS and the peripheral nervous system or PNS. The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord (see Figure 1.0 below), these are protected by bone and cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid, and the PNS is the nervous around the rest of the body. The PNS consists of motor neurons, sensory neurons, somatic nervousRead MoreA New Field Of Science1256 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth of the brain goes on till a child’s 6th year of age, given it its wrinkled appearance. The cells that constitute the nervous system are called neurons (or nerve cells) and glial cells. The Glial Cells (with glia meaning â€Å"glue†) make up a great percentage of the brain’s cells but they do not carry nerve impulses. What they do is maintain and develop the nervous system by providing the necessary comp osition for it like myelin (serves as a layer for axon and for boosting transmission speed).Read MoreParkinson s Disease ( Cns ) And The Peripheral Nervous System999 Words   |  4 Pagesareas that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine† (Fischer, 1999). It affects the nervous system, more specifically it affects the nerve cells in your brain that secrete dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that is responsible for the movement and coordination of the musculoskeletal system. The nervous system is composed of two separate systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord while the PNS consists of the nerves that areRead MoreExamining Compounds That Affect Mitochondrial Transport Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelop CNS (Central Nervous System) active drugs. CNS disorders are not only staggeringly complex but are poorly treated diseases (Palmer and Stephenson, 2005). In the United States alone the annual cost for stroke, depression, Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease are currently estimated to be over $250 billion annually (Pangalos et al., 2007). Despite the advances in translational medicine and pharmaceutical research little progress has been made in developing CNS therapeutics. Improving CNS drug

National Identity in an Advertisement for Issues- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNational Identity in an Advertisement for Global Issues. Answer: Stuart Hall described National identity as not the thing people born with; it forms and transforms the mind of the people from inside. The statement is very true, as when a baby is born, it does not know any national identity. Birth just simply involves a set of parents who just happens to have a nationality (Hall 291-299). It is the upbringing of the baby, which determines the national identity (Hall 291-299). The Vogels advertisement clearly stirs the cup of national identity in this advertisement. The advert comprises eight proud Kiwis and their life story. Not all of them are purely kiwi by ethnicity or by birth. All of them are different, albeit, they all have the same national identity. They are bringing something special to the table. Stuart Halls statement about National identity is apt for the Vogels advertisement, as the casting of this advertisement comprises the real Kiwis who are uniting as the citizen of New Zealand, but in a diversified form as they are all different; their story is also different from the others. Not all of them are born Kiwis but they identify themselves as a proud kiwi. National identity is a mindset through which the child senses a feeling of belonging somewhere. However, nationalism is a different concept. Nationalism gives rise to a prior sense of superiority, which leads the people to believe that they are better than the others are (Frith et al. 29)( Jackson 490-495). The social identity of a person can be described as the self-concept of a person who thinks of himself and herself as a member of a desired social group. The social identity theory accepts the definition of National identity and suggests another concept, which says that the concept of national identity includes self-categorization (Perry 134-137). When the person identifies with a nation, it can be described as self-categorization. When the person emotionally related and is attached to the nation, it affects the person. The mass media is well aware of the importance of nation identity in the mind of the people. The sociologists understand that how the emotion, related with their respective nations is embedded in the consciousness of the people. The creative mind of the advertising agencies has taken the concept of national identity to sell their commodity. The recent advertisement of Vogels bread, which comes with the tagline of what do you bring to the table? pulls the right chord of national identity inside the Kiwi heart. The specialty of the advertisement is, this advertisement does not follow any particular script. This advertisement does not even look like an advertisement for bread and the advertisers did not need any national icon or film stars to endorse the bread. This elongated advertisement just comprises of a bunch of commoners who had different background sitting on a brunch table and talking about their life experience while the background plays a beautiful song sung by Chris Knox (Not given lightly). These commoners only had one thing in common. They are all proud Kiwis. The advertisement would seem odd in the first place, as it does not even show the bread they are advertising. However, the advertisement shows the uniqueness of being a Kiwi, by striking the right chord in the Kiwi heartstring. This revolves around the idea of national identity. The idea of the advertisement is unique as it centers around eight Kiwis and their real-life story. The people featured in the advertisement find themselves bringing their real-life story on the table. The brought something unique and special on the table, just as Vogels bread does. None of the eight has met each other before; therefore, they know nothing about each other. In the advertisement, the group sat together, broke the bread and shared their stories with each other (Jackson). When they started to share their stories, they connected with each other instantly. They started sharing a few laughs and ends up having lot of respect towards each other. The camera crew just perfectly captures the face of all the people as their personal story unfolds. Nothing in the advertisement is made up as any of the normal advertises. Vogel just presented the people of New Zealand a perfectly spontaneous and heart touching advertisement. In the advertisement, there is a single father of three girls; there is a woman who taught kids in Iraq, a Kiwi of Chinese descent who can speak Te Reo Maori fluently. The advertise also features a kiwi of Indian descent who can name every black person he met since his time in New Zealand, a girl who thinks of sign language as her first language even if she is not disabled, a woman who has a unique experience of standing between a harpoon and a Whale. The advertisement is truly unique as unlike the other conventional advertisements, it focused on capturing the moments of the people who were sharing the experiences amongst each other. The result of the advertisement is amazing as it looks like a piece of authenticity and truth. The brand Vogel is the part of the market of New Zealand for 50 years. In these 50 years, New Zealand has changed a lot. Vogel wanted to celebrate the National identity of being a Kiwi by celebrating the diversity and uniqueness the common people bears (Imran 76-82). They wanted to bring the uniqueness and specialty of the people by bringing them in a table together just as Vogel does by bringing something special to the table. National identity is an emotion of the mind of the people who identify themselves as a part of a community even if every person is unique. The Vogels advertise brought the diversity of the community by bringing eight completely different people together and celebrated the emotion of national identity by celebrating their uniqueness. Not all of them in the advertisement are originally from New Zealand, but their National identity belongs to New Zealand. This proves Halls statement was true. Reference: Frith, Katherine Toland, and Mueller, Barbara.Advertising and societies: Global issues. Peter Lang, 2010: pp 29 Hall, Stuart. "National cultures as imagined communities."Modernity and its Futures,1992: pp. 291-299. Imran, Sana. "Strengthening the National Identity through Brands."Advances in Economics and Business5.2 2017: pp- 76-82. Jackson, Steven J. "Assessing the sociology of sport: On media, advertising and the commodification of culture."International Review for the Sociology of Sport50.4-5 2015: pp- 490-495. Jackson, Steven. "Reflections on communication and sport: On advertising and promotional culture."Communication Sport1.1-2 2013: pp. 100-112. Perry, Nick.The dominion of signs: Television, advertising and other New Zealand fictions. Auckland University Press, 2013: pp-134-137

Talk Shows Essays - The Jenny Jones Show, Murder Of Scott Amedure

Talk Shows Do It Publicly With talk shows ruling day-time television, people are left with little choice but to watch this humiliating form of entertainment. Turn the television on in the afternoon and you will find a large variety of talk shows to choose from. "Maybe we have become a nation addicted to hearing our neighbors' seamy personal problems"(You 40). Personally, I feel it is both the lack of choice and the attraction to other peoples problems. Many of the topics on talk shows are degrading to our society. If person came to America for the first time and watched television, they would probably see a talk show. The model a talk show would give of American society is horrifying. For example, a common talk show topic is teens having multiple sex partners at young ages. However, not all teens are sexually active at such a young age. For this reason talk shows are misleading not only to foreigners but to children and young adults who are learning about morals and our society. In a letter to the corporate CEO's distributing these programs, William Bennett and Senator Joseph Lieberman asked: "Would you want your young children to view a program showcasing the sexual adventures of a 14-year-old girl who married her 71-year-old foster father"(Flint and Wharton). To those who do not tune into these shows this discription may sound like an exaggeration; however, it is not. This is exactly the type of topics on some shows. Not only are half the shows ridiculous with topics of deceit, revenge and "extreme behavior", but some of them are false(Flint and Wharton). On the Jerry Springer Show a Canadian comedy troupe went on the show and created a story. The story was that one of the men had an affair with his baby-sitter. After the show appeared on television, the troupe members went to the press saying how they deceived the program and its audience(You 52). Some people will do anything to be on television. Some shows trick people into situations. The Jenny Jones show has had several episode entitled "Secret Crush". In these episode secret admirers are revealed to her guests. In some cases her guests are displeased with their secret admirer. I can remember one episode that I watched. A woman was surprised by a man who had a secret crush on her. She was very disturbed when she realized who he was. She proceeded to tell Jenny that this man was insane and was pursuing her. This could have been avoided if the woman was t old who the secret admirer was before the show. However, if this was done the show would not be as interesting. In another incident, one of Jenny's guests confronted a secert crush, and it led to tragedy. Amedure, a male guest had a crush on Johnathan Schmitz, another male. Amedure surprised Schmitz with his feelings on the show; however, Schmitz was expecting a woman, from the impression he was given by the shows producers. Schmitz said he was publicly embarrassed when Amedure revealed on national television that he had a "gay crush" on him. After the show Jonathan Schmitz was charged with the murder of Amedure. Schmitz shot Amedure and killed him(You 52). In some shows the guests are not informed of the topic, and they end up being embarrassed by a ridiculous topic. This is wrong because these people with their loved ones or friends sometimes involved are mislead and sometimes humiliated on national television by the producers. Even though the guests agree to appear on the shows because they wanted to, some regret it after the show (You 40). Therefore, we can not pose the guests as helpless victims because they are adults. Also, if they have seen a talk show before they went on one, they would know what they were getting themselves into. In my opinion there are just too many talk shows. According to Larry Pollock there are 32 talk shows on television right now(Flint and Wharton). There are a few talk shows that are conscientious and have very interesting and educational topics. For example Oprah Winfrey and Maury Povich are two shows that have many rewarding topics such as family reunions. They

Free Essays on Carnival Cruises

, they will be flexible. Therefore, today’s organisation stand in sharp contrast to the typical bureaucratic organisations that have many vertical levels o... Free Essays on Carnival Cruises Free Essays on Carnival Cruises Introduction : Nowadays, many organisation are outsourcing their non- core activities to an external agents. Distribution is one of these activities as distribution consider as a non-core activity for many firms. Although, there are many advantage for outsourcing, there are also risks and disadvantage in this process. In this essay I would explain the term outsourcing and explain why organisations are preferring to outsource some of its functions in today’s environment. Also, in this essay it has been tried to analysis the advantage and disadvantage of the outsourcing process and its risks towards the organisation. The word outsourcing could be described as the contractual relationship with a specialised outside service provider for work traditionally done in-house. Outsourcing could also be defined as the use of external agents to perform one or more organisational activities. In the last decade or so there has been a trend, particular among large scale companies, to hand over the whole or part of the distribution function to the external agents. One should emphasis that outsourcing is an issue that is not specific to distribution. Many other organisational functions, such as information system, building maintenance, etc†¦, have been outsource for many years in organisations. There are different reasons for organisations outsourcing their distribution function. More and more organisations today face a dynamic and changing environment. This, in turn, is requiring these organisations to adapt. Competition is also changing. The global economy means that competitors are likely to come from across the ocean as from across town. Successful organisations will be the ones that can change in response to the competition and changing environment. In other words, they will be flexible. Therefore, today’s organisation stand in sharp contrast to the typical bureaucratic organisations that have many vertical levels o...

The Hardest ACT Reading Questions Ever

The Hardest ACT Reading Questions Ever SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re aiming for a top score on the ACT Reading section, you probably want to know what the hardest questions look like so you’re prepared for everything the test throws at you. In this article, I’ll walk you through the answers to some of the toughest questions I’ve seen on the ACT Reading section. Why exactly are they so hard? How do you tackle them? How well will you do? Challenge yourself for that top score. Detail Questions Detail Questions will ask you to paraphrase or analyze a specific part of the passage.These questions can be difficult because they require a strong understanding of the author's specfic viewpoint and a high level of reading comprehension. Here’s one of the hardest detail questions about the narrator’s point of view that I’ve come across on the ACT: In the last paragraph, a comparison is made between "diminished excellence" and "flawed competence." From the narrator's point of view, the conditions are different because the one is: F. a source of sorrow while the other is a source of pride.G. based in the family while the other is based in the self.H. inherent in the environment while the other is inherent in the individual.J. a sign that the individual can improve the world while the other is a sign that the individual can't. This is the comparison the question refers to: We plan makers are accustomed to things turning out not-quite-as-good-as-we-had-in-mind. Our world view includes the â€Å"diminished excellence† component. Diminished excellence is a condition of the world and therefore never an occasion for sorrow, whereas flawed competence comes out of character and therefore is frequently the reason for the bowed head, the furrowed brow. How do we go about solving a question like this? First, we need to establish what the narrator is saying about the difference between diminished excellence and flawed competence. What is diminished excellence, according to the passage? It’s a â€Å"condition of the world† and â€Å"never an occasion for sorrow†.Diminished excellence is not something to be sad about because it’s out of our control and exists naturally in the world. Ok, how about flawed competence? In contrast, flawed competence â€Å"comes out of character† and is a reason for â€Å"the bowed head†.Flawed competence is a part of the individual, not an immutable condition of the world, so it can be cause for distress. Ok, we know the difference. Now let’s examine the answer choices. Choice F:a source of sorrow while the other is a source of pride Well, one of them is a source of some degree of sorrow (flawed competence), but neither is a source of pride, so this doesn’t work. Nope, this is an irrelevant answer! Choice G:based in the family while the other is based in the self Again, this is sort of half-correct in that flawed competence is based in the self. However, diminished excellence is not based in the family - it’s based in the world at large. Nothing in this answer choice describes diminished excellence. Cross this one out too! Choice H:inherent in the environment while the other is inherent in the individual This seems likely.Diminished excellence is described as a â€Å"condition of the world†, so it’s inherent in the environment.Flawed competence â€Å"comes out of character†, so it’s inherent in the individual. Keep this one! Choice J:a sign that the individual can improve the world while the other is a sign that the individual can’t This is a confusing answer choice, because we don’t see either of the conditions described as signs of anything in the passage.Diminished excellence could be interpreted as a sign that the individual can’t improve the world, but flawed competence certainly isn’t any kind of sign that an individual CAN improve it. This answer is a weird concept jumble - get rid of it! Choice H is our answer! This question was tough because it asked us to consider and compare two complicated ideas in the passage.We had to grapple with abstract concepts as well as be very specific with our answer choice. You can see, however, that when we closely examine the direct evidence and definitions provided, it becomes very clear which answers should be eliminated. If you come across unfamiliar concepts in the passage that you need to understand to answer a question, sometimes it's helpful to write down their definitions in a simpler form next to the question so you can stay focused. Sometimes you have to look at things from the author's point of view on the ACT, even if you can tell he's someone who wears ugly glasses and stares off into the sunset wondering why he wasted the best years of his life. Development and Function Questions Development and function questions ask about the structure of the reading passage and how certain lines or paragraphs contribute to its meaning.These questions can be difficult because you have to have a strong understanding of the argument presented in the passage and how each piece of the passage fits into that argument. Here’s one of the hardest ACT questions I’ve seen in this category: The author uses the events listed in lines 77-79 primarily to: F. show how weather-related disasters threatened the survival of Western civilization.G. criticize subsistence-level agriculture as being too dependent on the weather.H. illustrate how environmental determinism operated in the Little Ice Age.J. suggest the part that climate shifts may have had in producing modern Europe. Here are is the paragraph we need to reference: Consider, for instance, the food crises that engulfed Europe during the Little Ice Age - the great hunger of 1315 to 1319, the food dearths of 1741, and 1816, "the year without a summer" - to mention only a few. These crises in themselves did not threaten the continued existence of Western civilization, but they surely played an important role in the formation of modern Europe. Some of these crises resulted from climactic shifts, others from human ineptitude or disastrous economic or political policy; many from a combination of all three. Environmental determinism may be intellectually bankrupt, but climate change is the ignored player on the historical stage. I have the whole paragraph copied here, rather than just the lines in the question, because it’s necessary to read beyond the lines to get the right answer. That’s part of what makes this question difficult. All right - how do we solve this? First, let's figure out what the question is asking. What is the primary purpose of lines 77-79?It’s important not to miss the world "primary" in this question because some of the answer choices are tricky.They might support the author’s point, but they’re not her primary reason for using those lines. Now let’s go through the answer choices and see which one works. Choice F:show how weather-related disasters threatened the survival of Western civilization If you just read the lines mentioned in the question, you might think this answer was plausible.This is why it’s important to make sure to read the whole paragraph surrounding the lines to get the context.In the next sentence, the author specifically says these crises â€Å"did not threaten the continued existence of Western civilization†. This is an opposite answer - get rid of it! Choice G:criticize subsistence-level agriculture as being too dependent on the weather Hmm - it does seem based on these lines that subsistence-level agriculture was too dependent on the weather.But was that the primary point the author was trying to make by citing these crises?No, this answer misses the larger point even if it makes sense on a factual level. Eliminate it! Choice H:illustrate how environmental determinism operated in the Little Ice Age This answer choice would be easier to understand if you had the whole passage to look at, but the Little Ice Age is a time period of climate instability that was described earlier in the passage.These crises did occur during that time period, so that part makes sense. But is the author trying to support environmental determinism?She says it’s â€Å"intellectually bankrupt† at the end of the paragraph. This answer is slightly off - cross it out! Choice J:suggest the part that climate shifts might have had in producing modern Europe This seems right.The paragraph says the crises â€Å"surely played an important role in the formation of modern Europe†, so that's a pretty close paraphrase of this answer choice. This one’s a winner! Choice J is our answer! You’ll notice that the correct answer choice was the last one, so this question could be particularly difficult if you were rushing on the test.Some of the other choices also seem partially right at first glance. That’s why reading carefully and making sure every part of an answer makes sense is so important. That guy on the right is SO done with everyone he knows dying from malnutrition. Inference Questions Perhaps the most difficult ACT Reading questions are those that ask you to make inferences about the passage.This requires more developed extended reasoning skills and a deep understanding of the points being made by the author. Meaning in context questions are a subset of inference questions. They will ask you to look at specific lines in a passage to infer and then paraphrase their meaning. Here is an example of a very difficult meaning in context question on the ACT: Which of the following statements best paraphrases lines 5-8? A. The imagination lacks value and should be ignored in favor of paying attention to the actual world.B. Reason can enhance the imagination but at the expense of experience in the actual world.C. Rather than become isolated, the imagination should connect to the actual world at least occasionally.D. Reason, not the imagination, is the best way to appreciate and enrich the actual world. Here are the lines we’ll need to reference: A mind risks real ignorance for the sometimes paltry prize of an imagination enriched. The trick of reason is to get the imagination to seize the actual world - if only from time to time. This question is so difficult because the lines it references deal with a somewhat confusing and high-level concept. The answer choices also combine a lot of different concepts that are included in the lines but don't necessarily answer the question correctly. Ok, time to solve this. First, let’s try and understand what the lines are saying. What does the first sentence mean? A mind risks real ignorance for the sometimes paltry prize of an imagination enriched. It seems like it's saying that people often gain an enriched imagination at the expense of their knowledge of the real world.â€Å"Real ignorance† is the price they pay for an â€Å"imagination enriched†. Ok, how about the second sentence? The trick of reason is to get the imagination to seize the actual world - if only from time to time. It's saying that in order to overcome the problem in the first sentence, you have to get your imagination to connect with or â€Å"seize† the real world sometimes. It seems like we have a pretty good understanding of the sentiment in the passage: imagination can make you lose touch with the real world if you don’t bridge the gap between the two sometimes. Now let's go through the answer choices. Choice A:The imagination lacks value and should be ignored in favor of paying attention to the actual world. Hmm this sounds pretty extreme. Even though the author does say that you shouldn’t totally lose yourself in imagination, there’s no mention of ignoring it.She says imagination should â€Å"seize the actual world†, so the two are compatible. Imagination doesn’t â€Å"lack value†. This answer is incorrect! Choice B:Reason can enhance the imagination but at the expense of experience in the actual world. This is definitely an opposite answer. How can reason enhance your imagination if you are sacrificing real world experience?The author’s point is that reason should allow you to enhance your imagination by occasionally putting imagination in the context of your experiences in the real world. Eliminate this one! Choice C:Rather than become isolated, the imagination should connect to the actual world at least occasionally. Looking promising. The author definitely says that the imagination shouldn’t be isolated from the real world or the imaginer â€Å"risks real ignorance†.She also says imagination should â€Å"seize the actual world - if only from time to time†. This seems synonymous with connecting â€Å"to the actual world at least occasionally†. Keep this one! Choice D:Reason, not the imagination, is the best way to appreciate and enrich the real world. This is a plausible interpretation of what the author says, but it’s still not correct.It seems like she does believe that imagination can cause you to lose touch with the real world, so it might not be the best way to appreciate or enrich the real world.However, that’s not the point specifically being made in these sentences. Eliminate this one! Choice C is our answer! These answer choices were very difficult because almost all of them included a plausible element, even though only one was close enough to the meaning of the lines to answer the question correctly.This is common with inference or meaning in context questions, which is why reading the question carefully and being ruthless about eliminating answers that aren’t a perfect match is so crucial! What is the "actual world" anyway? How do we know our imaginations aren't, like, just as real? Duuuude. Review The hardest questions on the ACT Reading section ask you to analyze abstract concepts and paraphrase complex viewpoints expressed in passages. Often the answer choices provided will seem plausible or provide a statement that is true but does not directly answer the question being asked. No matter how difficult or confusing a question seems, you can always find the answer by referring to direct evidence from the passage.If you read carefully and don’t stray from the information you are given, you will get all of these questions right every time! What's Next? Read these articles for tips on how to approach ACT Reading passages and to learn more about the four types of passages you'll see on the test. Do you keep running out of time on the ACT Reading section? Learn about how to avoid the time crunch. If you're already achieving high scores on the Reading section and want to know how you can take it to the next level, check out our article on how to get a 36 on ACT Reading. 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SS310 unit 6 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SS310 unit 6 DB - Research Paper Example The civil rights movement also coincided with the women’s movement which had the same aspirations and ambitions that civil rights strove for but focused on the female population and their rights (MacLean, 2006). The successes that were achieved by the civil rights movement helped the Women’s rights as well and enabled them to gain the equality that they had been struggling so hard to gain over the years. A number of the successes that were achieved affected the women as well and thus in this way it can be said that both movements were connected in their fight to achieve their goal of equality(English, 2009). A good example would be the passage of the 1963Equal Pay Act that can be related to the Greensboro sit-ins in 1960. The sit ins were staged in protest of the racial segregation policies that were practiced by Woolworth in the southern states whereby the white employees received better treatment and pay than their African American counterparts (English, 2009). The sit-ins were able to gain a lot of media coverage and can be said to be part of the reason that the equal pay act was eventually passed in 1963 and abolished pay disparities which affected the women as well. Through these two connections one can see that the civil rights movement did serve a part in increasing the momentum of the women’s movement and the rights that they were fighting for as they took into consideration all groups that were discriminated against including the female population(MacLean,