Step-by-Step Guide On How To Write An Argumentative Essay

If you’re faced with writing an argumentative essay, you might be wondering†¦ How to write an argumentative essay? Where to start from? What am I going to write about? What are the best argumentative essay topics? Do I need to write an argumentative essay outline first? Is there a specific argumentative essay format? Those are great questions. Here come the answers†¦ Quick Links 1. What is an Argumentative Essay? 2. How to Write an Argumentative Essay? 2.1 Explore Different Topics 2.2 Five Types of Argument Claims 2.3 Determine Your Stance 2.4 Collect Evidence and Supporting Examples 2.5 Argumentative Essay Outline 3. Types of Arguments 4. Good Argumentative Essay Topics 4.1 Argumentative Essay Sample 5. Can a Professional Essay Writing Service Help You? 1. What is an Argumentative Essay? Argumentative essay is one of the most common types of essays that students will come across in their academic life. Although there are different variations of an argumentative essay, but they all share the same foundation. The writer is required to investigate an issue, pick a side and find strong evidence to prove his claim in a logical manner. Argumentative essays must not be confused with an argument as a verbal argument can occur at any given moment without a warning. Such arguments can be unreasonable and sometimes get extremely heated, but an argumentative essay is the polar opposite of that. The focus of a verbal argument is to prove who is right, whereas an argumentative essay focus on the right side of the issue in hand. The argument one presents in an essay must first be specific, reasonable, have details and sound evidence. The goals of argumentative essays are to provide the reader with point-counterpoint perspectives on topics and issues that may not be fully resolved in the existing literature or in society at large. Imagine this: the argumentative topic you choose--and the arguments you make in your argumentative essay--may actually break ground in the way the world works or in how others think about something. A compelling argumentative essay can actually change the world! With this article, we will teach you how to write an argumentative essay step by step. 2. How to Write an Argumentative Essay? Plan your work...and work your plan. An argumentative essay doesn’t need to be an enormous headache or a project so overwhelming that you don’t even know where to start. Like any major project, the best way to tackle an argumentative essay is to break it down into â€Å"baby steps.† Take the following steps as your guideline. Accomplish them one-at-a-time and before you know it, you’ll have a workable first draft that actually informs, entertains, and challenges the reader: 2.1 Explore Different Topics As we mentioned in the beginning, one of the most essential components of an argumentative essay is having a persuasive topic. While there is no scarcity of persuasive topics; you can find something in the newspaper, on TV, or you might have overheard two people arguing in your class, there must be two strongly conflicting viewpoints When you’re thinking about which topic to go for, ask yourself these questions. Why did a particular thing happen? What was its cause? Does it hold any significance? What should our reaction be towards it? Also, bear in mind that being interested in a topic and agreeing to it is one thing, but writing about it in order to persuade the reader is a different thing altogether. You need to prove that your point is logical without becoming emotional and by using concrete evidence. 2.2 Five Types of Argument Claims Once you have selected your topic, you must give considerable thought to developing your claim. There are five different types of claims. If not all then include some of them in your argumentative essay. Authenticity Whether your claim is a fact or not. Is it true, will it occur or not? Definition What exactly is it? How can we define it? How to interpret it? How to classify it? Value The importance of the issue. Is it worthy or not? How critical is it to address this issue? Cause and Effect How did it happen? What is the possible cause? What are its effects? Policy What should be done to tackle the issue? What laws should be enforced? What changes need to be made? These components play an integral part in your essay. The reader will either will change their perspective after reading about your claims. 2.3 Determine Your Stance You have decided on the topic you are most passionate about, the next step is to assess both sides of the argument. After evaluating both sides, determine the argument that you can most relate to and look for strong evidence to support your claim. The thing with argumentative essays is that in order to prove the validity of your point, you must educate the reader about both sides of the argument. 2.4 Collect Evidence and Supporting Examples Since your reader isn’t in front of you can’t use emotions or interpret the body language to see whether your point of view is convincing enough, so it is necessary to use strong proof and evidence from credible sources. When assessing a claim, consider the following points: Is the statement factual? What is its definition? What are the causes of the issue? Is the fact valuable? What action should be taken, or what should be done about it? What impact will it have on living things and our environment in general? You might want to interview the experts of the field and use it to sketch an argument. 2.5 Argumentative Essay Outline Not sure how to start an argumentative essay? Make things easier on yourself and draft an outline. You wouldn’t start out on a road trip without having some idea of where you’re going, would you? Your Argumentative Essay is your roadmap or GPS. Without it, you’re liable to wind up going in the wrong direction and find yourself stumbling around, completely lost. Just like a map...or your smartphone GPS...don’t leave home without one. The choice is yours: Avoid writing an outline...and suffer the consequences which are all too common: Disjointed writing structure. Pointless research. Convoluted composition style. Wandering point of view. Disjointed and contradictory arguments. Confused readers. A lousy grade. Write a concise, tight outline and enjoy the benefits: Your argumentative essay will practically write itself. You’ll save a lot of time and have great confidence in all that follows (and it will show in the writing). All research will be â€Å"on point† and support your argumentative topic theme Both sides of the argument will be well-reasoned; weaknesses will be easily identified. Writing each side of the argumentative essay will almost be fun. Your conclusions will be supported by evidence. Your argumentative essay will be an entertaining and compelling read. The grade you receive on your choice of argumentative topic and upon the argumentative essay itself will be highly rewarding. Okay...so exactly how do you format the outline? A typical essay outline usually consists of 5 sections. Introductory paragraph Thesis statement Body Paragraphs (1,2,3) Conclusion (Of course, the number of body paragraphs you write will vary based on your particular topic.) Writing your argumentative essay outline is no more complicated than creating an outline for a standard academic essay. In order to understand the ins and outs of crafting an argumentative essay outline, head on to this blog. 3. Types of Arguments There are three different types of arguments that you can use in your essay. Use them separately or combine them together to form your argument. Aristotelian Argument Strategy This is the most frequently used argument strategy. Here, you will highlight the problem, provide its solution. And then try to persuade the reader that you have proposed the correct solution. Toulmin Argument Strategy Toulmin argument strategy uses logic and breaks down an argument into different parts. There are six different components: claim, grounds, quantifier, warrant, rebuttal and backing. Rogerian Argument Strategy This strategy is used for topics where it is difficult to find a common ground. The entire idea is to find a point of agreement by showing to the reader that you are considering the counter argument as well. We have an entire article dedicated to argumentative essay topics. To find more interesting topics give it a read! 4. Good Argumentative Essay Topics Is a masters degree in business necessary for your business to be successful? Mobile phones as educational tools: is it the right approach? Should you be friends with your professor on social media? Every student possesses writing skills. Do you agree? Is it right to blame social media for the use of incorrect grammar? Are social networks an effective platform for communication? Do people really get a job through LinkedIn? Is Facebook legally allowed to leak private information of its users? Is it possible to earn a good amount of money from YouTube? Should Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter be banned permanently? We have an entire article dedicated to argumentative essay topics. To find more interesting topics for an argumentative essay give it a read! 4.1 Argumentative Essay Sample Here are a few argumentative essay samples on interesting topics for your guidance. It is a good practice for students to go through different essay examples before diving straight to the writing process. If, you need a few more argumentative essay examples then give this article a read. 5. Can a Professional Essay Writing Service Help You? If the work it takes to even get started writing your argument paper is more daunting that you feel you can handle at the moment, or if you remain uncertain about how to even go about selecting a viable argumentative essay topic, now is the time to find a professional essay writing service to help you deliver a paper you can be proud of. Finding the right expert help and learning from it is often the best alternative to starting from scratch. Remember, your grades count. If you’re in doubt about your ability to deliver a compelling argumentative or persuasive essay--or even to decide upon the right argumentative essay topic--then You need to work with the best essay writing service and get the help you need. The professional essay writers at 5StarEssays are standing by, waiting to help with your academic writing. But they can only help if you contact them now. If you read this blog carefully and follow all the instructions and tips, then it is not impossible to get good grades in your essay, as you can get all the necessary essay writing guide here. Do not forget, an impressive essay leaves a long-lasting impact on your teachers and if you succeed in doing that, then success becomes your fate.

Internet History Essays - Humancomputer Interaction, Free Essays

Internet History Essays - Humancomputer Interaction, Free Essays Internet History Starting out as a small military experiment some 35 years ago, the Internet is quickly becoming one of the most popular forms of communication. With a present population of about 40 million users world wide, it seems to have a very promising future. Uncensored and almost impossible to monitor, it's a breeding ground for all sorts of offensive and derogatory information. On the other hand, it is probably the biggest single source of data in the world brought home into your personal computer. Will this form of communication survive in the future, or will it simply die out like many others have in the past? History The first nodes of the Internet were built 36 years ago by the RAND corporation. They faced the problem of keeping communication between U.S. authorities active in the aftermath of a nuclear war. The country needed a command-and-control network. The biggest problem was protecting the main server, which could be knocked out by a single atomic warhead. RAND came up with the solution in 1964. The new network would have no central authority, and secondly, it would be designed to operate in shambles. " During the 60s, this intriguing concept of a decentralized, blastproof, packet-switching network was kicked around by RAND, MIT and UCLA. The National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain set up the first test network on these principles in 1968. Shortly afterward, the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency decided to fund a larger, more ambitious project in the USA. The nodes of the network were to be high-speed supercomputers (or what passed for supercomputers at the time). These were rare and valuable machines which were in real need of good solid networking, for the sake of national research- and-development projects." (Sterling 1-2) The first was put in place during the fall of 1969. By December of the same year four nodes were installed. They were connected by dedicated high-speed transmission lines. This allowed the computers to communicate and be programmed from one of the other computers. In the year of 1971 there were 15 nodes, and by 72 there were 37. This number kept increasing rapidly as the years passed. The network was also becoming more of a person to person way of communicating. Many military personnel began using it as a way to gossip with friends instead of a way to transmit documents and projects. This became even more evident in the following years. How it works The Internet may seem a very complex form of communication but that is not really the case. First, you must have a reasonably fast computer (80386 or higher) with a modem and a phone line. The next step is to contact your local Internet provider and get him to give you a password and an SLIP address. At this time you will also be given the software to get you started. All of this costs about 140 dollars, depending on how many hours you wish to purchase. "We charge using an hourly rate because it gives our users more flexibility with their time. When run on a monthly payment, you are limited to an hour a day, whereas with our system you can use any amount of time whenever you want" (Schulmeister). The costs are as follows: 10 hrs-$30.00 20 hrs-$50.00 40 hrs-$80.00 60 hrs-$90.00 Once you have your software installed and want to start "surfing the net," you must first login to the server (located at the Northwest Community College) by dialling in its phone number using a specific program. The two local numbers are 638-1543 and 638-1593. Even with the two numbers, the server is often busy because of the constantly increasing number of users in our area. These numbers can be used by a number of people at a time, not just two. Once connected to the college server, you travel down to a larger server in Vancouver, and from there you can access any other computer connected as long as your server has permission to do so. Diagram: How the Internet works Impact on Society The Internet is just starting to have a large impact on society. It seemed to come out of nowhere, popping up in magazines and on the news. The Internet is now becoming an influential communications medium to

Evil, its symbols and the environment Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evil, its symbols and the environment 1 - Essay Example Symbols representing the Canadian Water crisis 2. Canadian water crisis as an experience B. Different symbols of idea associated with the environment 1. Canadian Water Crisis 2. The Danger of Bottled Water C. Questions about Evil and Environment as symbols evil in study of religion and culture 1. How do people believe in these symbols of evil? 2. How is evil and environment explained in terms of religion and culture? 3. What are the most consistent evidence of evil and environment as symbols of evil? III. Conclusion A. Current research revealed relationship between evil and environment and the study of religion and culture. B. The most radical paradigm is the Christian cosmological approach which sees the issues of the Canadian water crisis as a spiritual crisis. 1. The world's spiritual and religious traditions which presupposes that universe and all life processes are spiritually meaningful and material. 2. Dialogue with several cultures and science which presupposes that water sym bolizes evil and environment as it has its own subjective and intrinsic values in the world. The Evil and the Environment Shattered World Evil is a threat to human reason as it challenges the perception that the world makes sense. For instance, the Lisbon earthquake which occurred in the eighteenth century was manifest evil. In the study of religion and culture, Suzuki views evil as a matter concerning human cruelty and Maude Barlow as an extreme incarnation. Whether expressed in secular or theological terms, evil denotes a challenge about the world's intelligibility and it confronts religion with fundamental questions. According to Suzuki et al (23), water is essential in the today's world as it sustains the life of human beings on earth. Water is usually a natural resource which to some peoples it is given free to the world. However, the situation has changed with World Bank reporting water shortages in 80 countries around the world. Groundwater depletion and population growth are the two primary challenges resulting to global water crisis. According to the environmental advocates, Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke as well as David Suzuki views water crisis as an experience of evil and environment as they describes it as the tragedy of the time. They ask individuals to consider the consequences of what they are practicing in the present day environment. For centuries, people had knowledge that they were embedded in the environment and they promised and prayed to always do the right thing. Suzuki finally concludes that people live in a shattered world where they do not see themselves as part of the larger problem. Clarke and Barlow draw attention of the society to the exponential growth of the global water crisis and provide a world perspective on it. They posit that the development of a crisis does not happen in a systematic or incremental manner but, rather appear out of nowhere and suddenly, despite developing for years or months without being noticed prior to their surfacing. Species are also dramatically lost concurrently with the world's looming water crisis. Barlow and Clarke examine the key issues concerned with the global water crisis. They examine water pollutants such as chemicals and sewage that wash of the environment poisoning the world's waterways. They give the example of American and Canadian waterways which are heavily polluted prescription drugs and synthetic chemicals that pass the water recycling plants without being filtered. In addition,

Management One Protective Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management One Protective Security - Essay Example In this particular Iraqi private security company, the structure that guides leadership and follower hierarchies include positions of Country Manager, Regional Manager, Operations Manager, Team Leader, 2ic Deputy, driver support staff and a translation expert. Reis & Pena (2007) identify that vertical hierarchies are ill-prepared for empowering workers and will not be ready to accept change. Therefore, to improve performance, it is first necessary to examine the structure that guides interoffice activities and also those impacting client relationships to determine which type of structure is most effective in gaining support from the team members and also at the individual level. Communication, in this type of industry, requires a 360 degree movement, therefore establishing a structure where information moves across the entire employee and manager network instead of merely being elicited from the highest layers of leadership. Delegating is not a difficult managerial task for fostering more support for a project initiative or the basic routine of ensuring quality customer relationship management. Reinstein (2007) identifies that there are three types of individuals that will either support or resist change practices. There is a small support group at 25 percent, undecided varieties that sit on the proverbial fence on issues at 50 percent, and another at 25 percent who are adamantly against change efforts. The key is to first understand the cultural dimensions that drive each member of the team and understand their personality type. In some cases, this can be accomplished through consultation with generic human resources staff to locate or distribute a personality profile testing using reputable models for this research effort. Further showing the inter-linkage between motivation and knowledge, support for more team-based efforts can be accomplished by creating an interpersonal relationship with team members to build support for future efforts involving client rel ationships. Delegating in the face of change resisting personalities requires an authoritarian approach whilst delegating with undecideds or supporters is merely creating a team-focused environment with a quality blend of social and authoritarian skills. â€Å"The first phase of development in teams is membership† (Bushe & Coetzer, 2007, p.187). Delegation occurs effectively when members are already committed to achieving a project or client-related goal. 2. Teams Having already identified the structure of this particular team, there are three specific features that create the need for a progressive and transformational manager to gain support and commitment: 1. It is exposed to conflicting and radically unique cultures with each client interaction. 2. Job roles change significantly with each client scenario, thus it requires flexibility from group members. 3. Management and subordinates are empowered to innovate and work independently from the group. A key player in this gro up is the translator who functions as a logical and cultural bridge to clients of all varieties. This individual is relied upon by each member of the team as a liaison for client needs and there runs the risk of much being lost in translation both verbally and in terms of expressive body language. â€Å"The study of business is afflicted by confusion between the results of a survey of what

Microprocessor Based Instrumentation System

Microprocessor Based Instrumentation System I. Introduction There are various applications of microprocessor which makes our life easy and simple. Various instruments which we are using in our day to day life includes the role of microprocessors, which is fairly called as Microprocessor Based Instrumentation. On the basis of its processing and intelligence microprocessor are base for the operation of various instruments. Here is the description of some devices or instruments which uses microprocessors. Even the most common purpose equipments which are in our use such as toothbrush, thermometer etc. Placing an embedded microprocessor system into a product makes the product smart. It can then be programmed to do things that are too difficult or expensive using conventional technologies such as logic, or time switches, and so on. Link such a smart product to the Internet and it can do even more. For example, products can be programmed to do self-diagnostic checks and to report back to the manufacturer. Not only does this provide the potential to collect data that can be used to improve products, it can also allow for the manufacturer to inform the user of potential problems, so that action can be taken. This opens up possibilities for improved customer service as well as new services. Basically, embedded microprocessors enable firms to compete on product and service innovation, by adding product and service features that customers value. II. ATMOSPHERIC ION COUNTER An atmospheric ion counter was modified and fabricated to measure the atmospheric ions. The bias voltage of ion counter was adjusted using microprocessor and stepper motor. With the adjustment of bias voltage and flow rate of air the instrument, the instrument is capable of measuring ions of all the three categories i.e. small ions, intermediate ions and large ions. III. Energy Efficient Sterilization for Surgical Instrument A microprocessor based radio frequency operated induction heated sterilization plant is proposed in this article. In this plant heat is directly generated in surgical stainless steel Instruments by means of eddy current flow. With the adjustment of pulse width modulation (PWM) controlled technique, the controlled heat is generated as per the medical norms. By controlling pulse width it can reach at level of temperature upto 240 degree centigrade. This is sufficient to sterilize the hospital equipment. The depth of heat penetration by induction heating process will depend upon the frequency generation. The relation is inversely proportional with the frequency. For sterilization process, surface area of the instrument must be heated through water boiling in existing process. A new generation induction heated sterilization plant is proposed for the dry surface heating in place of conventional a few parallel stainless steel plates may be added with the surgical instruments under water to achieve the same objective. In this proposed scheme, there is no heat conduction loss in between source of heat and object (operational instruments). It offers an unique prize as there is no shock hazard during handling of boiled stainless steel surgical instruments. Microprocessor control is introduced for selecting slow or quick heat rate. Microprocessor assembly level language gives flexibility to design the heat rate change with respect of time without rearranging the hardware circuitry. Also it control the temperature through a transducer with the help of closed loop control. IV. Portable 4-Channel Gamma Ray Spectrometer It is compact, rugged, lightweight spectrometer and comprises of a 8085 microprocessor, standard peripherals and a scintillation detector of size 1.75† x 2†. It is used for insitu measurement of gross counts, and radioelement concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K) with LCD alpha numeric display. The device is indigenously designed and fabricated. V. Borehole Logging System Microprocessor-based gamma-ray spectral logging with scintillation detector to trace the analog profiles of total, K, U and Th channels with corresponding depth. This system is being tested in the field in different areas for its performance. VI. Microprocessor Based Bulk Ore Analyser It contains 6 scintillation detectors to compute the grade of the ore in % eU3O8 carried in 25-ton dumper from mine. It was designed and fabricated for UCIL. VII. Wind Speed Instrumentation System This system is a basic system to measure the wind parameters like wind speed for wind speed, a visual indication of wind speed is obtained by dc generator to dc voltmeter with appropriate calibrated scale. The scale needs to be arranged such that the pointer indicates a speed of 1milepersecond when the generator stalled and voltage is zero. Then any speeds above 1 mile / second will be correctly displayed if the scale is calibrated according to given graph of frequency verses output voltages. Our circuit design works with a accuracy of 1 mile / second and best suited for examining heights between 30 and 100 m Both wind parameters are measured using microprocessor based instrumentation system. By pressing a respective key respective parameters can be measured for which interrupt service routine is used. VIII. Other Instruments Portable audio-visual scintillometer. Carborne gamma survey system (microprocessor-based) for total, K, U and Th. Light weight mine face scanner with beta-sensitive Geiger Muller (GM) tubes. FUTURE ADVANCEMENT No doubt, In this era everything is modernized, everything is operated under the computer i.e. microprocessors. From toothbrush to missiles everything is operated with microprocessor control. It is supposed that in near future the cars will be fully automated and can be operated under microcontroller applications. Cars will be parked itself, will be driven automatically, itself control its speed according to traffic and many more. Microprocessor are increasingly playing a major role in modern society. The invisible ones, used for controlling and monitoring machine tools, cars, aircraft, consumer electronics and other equipment are the most numerous. They are gradually changing the relationship we have with these devices. It is interesting to show that this is a market-pull rather than a technology-push phenomenon. The design of new chips thus represents a continuous challenge for the engineers and technologists striving to give the market the products it requires, and which are generally planned a long time before they actually appear. Monolithic microprocessor are overtaking all kinds of computers. Minicomputer lines were absorbed during the 80s, main-frame lines during the 90s and probably super-computers by the beginning of the next century. During this extraordinary evolution, these devices have used all the technical innovations which had been conceived for the previous generations of computers. The futur e of these devices is very challenging. To keep the evolutionary rate of computing power and binary code compatibility, completely new execution techniques will need to be invented, eventually leading to the break-down of the physical quantum barrier around 2010. Reference: http74.125.153.132searchq=cache%3Au4bwY1eptUsJ%3Awww.che.iitm.ac.in%2F~arbala%2Fissues%2Fissue23-1%2FSadhu.pdf+instruments+using+microprocessorhl=engl=in http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/3782/1/IJRSP%2035(1)%2042-46 http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache%3Ap-hlNH0zDmwJ%3Adli.iiit.ac.in%2Fijcai%2FIJCAI-81-VOL-2%2FPDF%2F053.pdf+instruments+using+microprocessorhl=engl=in

Ethics and Legal Issues

Kent has to deal with some ethical and possibly legal issues in the marketing of his game â€Å"Lucky†. Ethically he has to figure out if it is acceptable to market a game that focuses on nudity, violence, and gambling. As far as legal issues, is it legal to market these things in foreign countries and even online. If they can market this game in other countries they will have to change portions of the game for each of the countries that Brad has looked into targeting. Kent has basically two options. Discontinue the development of the game due to moral and ethical issues. Or he could go along with what Brad has suggested and market foreign countries. The question here seems to be is it worth the trouble it could bring to market nudity, violence, and gambling? Or should they just go in a different direction that would be less of a moral and ethical issue. Sex, violence, and gambling are basically everywhere these days. There are ads on television all the time that use sex to sell anything from beer to cars. Movies these days play off all three of these. Video games for kids these days promote violence all the time. Just look at Las Vegas, they openly market sex on the street as you walk down the road. And clearly it is know for gambling. Casinos are starting to pop up everywhere these days, not to mention that almost every state has a lottery. It is all accepted, but some people find it unacceptable, especially if they have young children. Marketing sex, violence, and gambling in other countries is acceptable if it is a part of their culture. But then again it comes down to a moral issue for the people or company that is involved.

Investments Essay

1)   In 1994 the Bulgarian government issued bonds on which the coupon payments were tied to the GDP of the country.   I’m simplifying here, but basically a low level of GDP (a country-level measure of economic growth and activity) would reduce the interest payments on the bonds, and a high level of GDP would increase the interest payments.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚   Suppose a US investor buys these bonds, what risks is the investor exposed to? (list everything which could negatively affect the investment!) One of the risks associated with this bond is Interest rate  risk. The prices of bonds are inversely related to rates of interest. A higher GDP of Bulgaria would mean that the price of the bond will decrease, however a lower GDP would mean that the price of the bond will decrease. The interest  rate  on a bond is  set  at the time it is issued, which is in 1994. The coupon in 1994 reflected the interest rate at the time of issuance, however the increase in interest, in GDP, will make people unwilling to purchase bonds. In other words, the US investor will have a difficulty reselling the bond to secondary markets should the GDP of Bulgaria increase. Should he decide to keep the bonds, then his interest income is very much dependent on the GDP of the nation. There are is no fixed amount that he can count on. Another risk associated with bond is credit risk. Just as individuals default on mortgage payments, bond issuers can possibly default as well. Usually, bonds issued by the government are immune from this risk, but nothing is risk free in issues such as credit. Call risk is another risk the investor is exposed to. The government of Bulgaria can easily call back the bonds before maturity so they can issue it at a lower interest rate forcing the investor to reinvest the principal at a lower interest rate. Inflation risk is perhaps the worst of the investor must endure. The GDP of Bulgaria will suffer immensely if significant inflation is suffered by the country. Anything that affects the GDP of the nation will affect the interest rates of the bonds issued.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are their any ways to manage/offset some of these risks? Credit risk, generally associated with any kind of credit is practically managed in investing in these bonds. Governments, generally pay out their bonds, and on time too because it will not look good for the government to default from its loans to its people or its investors. The other kinds of risks are hard to manage given that they are dictated by a nation’s GDP. The investor from the US cannot likely influence how Bulgaria’s GDP shall fluctuate. 2)   In the 1970’s Yale University implemented a system for students in which the students would receive loans to pay their tuition.   Repayment of the loans involved the following arrangement: -after graduation all students enrolled in the program would pay 0.4% of their annual income per $1,000 borrowed until the entire cohort, or class, had paid off their debt, or until 35 years had passed, whichever came sooner.   (See â€Å"The New Financial Order† by Robert Shiller, 2004, Princeton University Press, page 143)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What risks are the students exposed to? The students, are exposed to the risk of paying more than they owe given that the program ensured that they can finish their studies but they essentially had to pay for royalties for 35 years. Imagine a student in 1974 who borrowed $30,000 to finance his Yale education. Assuming he has graduated in 1978, and started to earn $100,000 annual. For this first year alone, he will have to pay Yale .8% of his annual income which is $800. This payment will not stop until each person in his class, who obtained a loan from the University, has paid off his debt. The percentage of payment is fixed but the salary of this Yale grad keeps increasing yearly. Suppose this student managed to pay off his loan in 20 years, yet there are 5 people from his class who have not yet paid theirs, possibly because these 5 people have no income, then for fifteen more years the person is indebted to Yale for .8% of his annual income that is probably in the million dollar bracket by now.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What risks are the lenders of money exposed to? Yale, on the other hand is exposed to the risk of students paying off their loans quickly. Given that Yale produces quality graduates (i.e. President Bill Clinton), the students can easily pay back their indebtedness given their instant financial status after graduation. The time value of money is the greatest exposure of Yale. A $30,000 loan the University has given in 1974 has bigger value as compared to the $30,000 the students gave back in installment payments. The entire class might a find a way to fully pay their debts and Yale may not recover any interests for the loan extended.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are their any ways to manage/offset some of these risks? If one student, or a group of students has/have the means, then he or they can just buy off the remaining loan of their classmates, to ensure that everyone is debt free from Yale and the annual payments of every shall stop. The group may in turn collect from those who cannot pay Yale yet and draw up new terms and conditions for the loan. 3) In 1997 so-called Bowie bonds were issued.   These were 10 year bonds paying a 7.9% annual interest coupon, where the money for meeting the payments on the bonds was to come from the future income of musician David Bowie (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_bowie if you’ve never heard of him!). What is the purpose of issuing bonds of this nature (i.e. what’s in it for the issuer)?  David Bowie pretty much protected himself to the decline of his popularity. His bonds were issued in exchange for ten years worth of royalties. Bonds were issued in this instance as a security. David Bowie has benefited from this deal, he may or may not have known it at that time but the bonds secured him from music piracy which has plagued the industry at the end of the 90’s. What risks are investors in the bonds exposed to?  After a while, bond investors were exposed to David Bowie’s decline in popularity. Also, they have been exposed to the ultimate enemy of the music industry: piracy. David Bowie issued the bonds on time before website like Kazaa have grown over the internet. Are their any ways to manage/offset some of these risks?  The investors have exposed themselves to the ultimate risk. They have relied too much on the popularity of David Bowie at the time when David Bowie himself protected himself from his decline. Consumer tastes are highly unpredictable and I do not see a way on how the bond investors could have controlled the popularity of music piracy throughout the end of the 90’s and early 2000 when they were supposed to get the royalties. 4)   In â€Å"The New Financial Order† by Robert Shiller, the author proposes â€Å"livelihood† insurance in the form of derivative contracts on the performance of particular professions.   In brief, the way it would work is: -we construct an index which broadly captures the current levels of compensation in a particular profession based on market data.   If demand (and salary) for people in a certain profession increases then so would the index, and if demand decreases then so would the index.   In other words, the index attempts to capture how good the current career prospects are in that field. Why might people be interested in contracts valued in this way?   Think of both speculation and hedging when considering this question.  People might be interested in these kinds of contract because of speculation and hedging. These people are presently employed of course. However, should the demand for their current profession grew, and various companies here and there are offering the same job at a higher compensation, then the person will not be happy at his current job. This kind of insurance will at least get him compensated for that opportunity lost while he stays with his present employer. He speculated that he would gain in the future given that he foresees better-paying opportunities for his career, but it requires a move to another nation or state, so he entered into a contract that would allow him be compensated as he wanted but remain secure in his current position. How is this proposal different to an individual simply taking out an insurance policy against failing to succeed in his/her chosen profession? (for example, an aspiring musician taking out an insurance contract which pays out if the person never actually ever gets offered a recording contract)  This specific example has failure in mind. In the first example, the individual did not have to fail anything. He remains secure in his current position.